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Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Advancing Cultural Frontiers to Champion Global Business in Emerging Markets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Book Outline and Its Purposes -- 3 Summary of the Chapters -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Part IPractices, Norms, and Diversity in Multinational Corporations -- 2 Work in Progress: Organisational and Occupational Identity Work of South African Employees After Firm Acquisition -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review -- 2.1 Social Identity and Optimal Distinctiveness Theories -- 2.2 Use of SIT and ODT in the Current Study -- 2.3 Identity Work -- 2.4 Relation Between Post-acquisition Integration and Organisational and Occupational Identities -- 2.5 The South African Landscape -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Findings and Discussion -- 4.1 Organisational Identity Work -- 4.2 Occupational Identity Work -- 5 Implications for Management Practices and Theory -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 "I Am Going Abroad!" Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity for Self-initiated Expatriates of Female Registered Nurses in Saudi Arabia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background of Study -- 3 Literature Review -- 3.1 Theoretical Framework: Cross-Cultural Adjustment Theory -- 4 Proposed Methodology -- 5 Implications and Conclusion -- References -- 4 Trust and Cultural Preferences of Global Consumers for Airbnb Patronage: A Qualitative Study of MENA Consumers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Trust in the Sharing Economy -- 2.2 Impact of Culture on Trust -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Trust and Airbnb -- 4.2 Collectivist Culture and Its Impact on Trust -- 5 Implications and Conclusion -- References -- Part IIChallenges and Issues of Global Business -- 5 Cultured Crime of Obedience and Fraudulent Financial Reporting in the Time of Crisis -- 1 Introduction.

Purpose
Consumer racism describes the act of purchase discrimination based on ethnic and/or cultural differences. As the original consumer racism scale was developed based on a western context and environment, most of its items may be unsuitable for use in certain non-western countries. The purpose of this paper is to modify the existing consumer racism scale to include the elements of inter-ethnic relationships, historical occurrences and political situations, which are crucial in shaping and influencing racism in a multi-religion and multi-racial context.


Design/methodology/approach
After generating new items and retaining or removing others for a modified consumer racism scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is performed based on 145 respondents followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on 176 respondents. The modified scale, including two other related constructs (consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity), is then tested through structural equation modeling (SEM) using WarpPLS 5.0 and data from 495 respondents.


Findings
EFA and CFA results suggest that the modified eight-item consumer racism scale is applicable in a multi-ethnic scenario. However, SEM findings contradict previous studies; thus, discussion of the possible effects of consumer racism is based on two different approaches.


Research limitations/implications
Future research could be expanded into other ethnic groups and countries, and/or to different products, categories and brands.


Originality/value
The main contributions of this study are the validation of the modified measurement scale and demonstration of its applicability in a multi-ethnic scenario. The study is based on data from a multi-ethnic, multi-religion and multi-cultural country: Malaysia.

The West African States are known as States with endowed natural and human resources that ought to have an enlargement in the area of economic growth and development.This will help yield results to the countries in West Africa through economic cooperation among states within the region.It is therefore, the goal and objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to promote regional integration and co-operation for the purpose of ensuring economic growth and development in the sub-region.The endowed resources in West African states are mostly untapped due to challenges that face the region such as lack of technological know-how, bad governance, political instability, lack of adequate diversification, infrastructure problem, lack of political will and the inability to involve the private sector adequately.Therefore, the objectives of this study is to firstly, create an enabling environment where peace and security is sustainable for West African states to engineer economic governance through regional integration and economic co-operation among the countries in West Africa, and secondly, to enable partnership with the private sector.The methodology used in this research is review of previous literature and the use of content analysis which will also provide useful information on the region.The findings from this study reviews that, peace and security sustainability can only be maintained when the West African States employ the measures that would lead to economic growth and development of the region through provision of job opportunities to the youths, employing the early-warning mechanism, transparency and accountability in governance and good leadership to foster growth of ECOWAS community.

The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) as an Agency of the African Union was established in 2001 by the African leaders with the view of eradicating poverty in Africa.The NEPAD programme initiatives encompasses the political, economic and social-cultural development of the African states through partnership with the private and public sectors, the international community and countries in and outside Africa.Through thematic areas of NEPAD such as, democracy and political governance has encompassed the peace and security programme initiative of NEPAD as a priority to be achieved. This then forms the objective of this paper to be studied considering the insecurity challenges that faced the Nigerian state as a member of the African Union and co-initiator of the NEPAD programme initiative.Since 2009, the Nigerian state is faced with the activities of the Boko Haram militant group whose engagement has led to activities such as burning and bombing of people's houses, churches, Mosques and public buildings, killing of innocent lives including but not limited to both Christians and Muslims, attack on security operatives and schools which include bombing of structures.This paper therefore, is to study the strategic plan of NEPAD in implementing the peace and security objective for the purpose of promoting peace and political stability in Nigeria.The methodology adopted in this research is the review of previous literature, the use of descriptive, historical, and interpretative methods of analysis, with the available research materials. The findings thus reveal that, issues such as zoning of political and elective positions should be addressed in the Nigerian constitution in order to accommodate the six geopolitical zones so as to promote unity, political stability, peace and security within the Nigerian state.

The West African States are known as States with endowed natural and human resources that ought to have an enlargement in the area of economic growth and development. This will help yield results to the countries in West Africa through economic cooperation among states within the region. It is therefore, the goal and objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to promote regional integration and co-operation for the purpose of ensuring economic growth and development in the sub-region. The endowed resources in West African states are mostly untapped due to challenges that face the region such as lack of technological know-how, bad governance, political instability, lack of adequate diversification, infrastructure problem, lack of political will and the inability to involve the private sector adequately. Therefore, the objectives of this study is to firstly, create an enabling environment where peace and security is sustainable for West African states to engineer economic governance through regional integration and economic co-operation among the countries in West Africa, and secondly, to enable partnership with the private sector. The methodology used in this research is review of previous literature and the use of content analysis which will also provide useful information on the region. The findings from this study reviews that, peace and security sustainability can only be maintained when the West African States employ the measures that would lead to economic growth and development of the region through provision of job opportunities to the youths, employing the early-warning mechanism, transparency and accountability in governance and good leadership to foster growth of ECOWAS community. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p257

The Nigerian Fourth Republic ushered in a demo-cratically elected government in 1999 that paved way for the civilians to take over government after a long period of military rule in Nigeria. This made the political parties to project their candidates for contest in occupying the political positions at the federal, states and local government levels. Thus, such projection through the ruling political party that won the election in 1999 known as the People's Democratic Party (PDP), went into zoning arrange-ment that could give the country's six geopolitical zones a place for participation in the administration of the country. This arrangement coordinated the highest positions such as the President, Vice-Presi-dent, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Secretary to the Government of the Federation, and Chairman of the ruling party. However, such arrangements were only practiced from 1999 to 2011. The zoning arrangements were trun-cated in 2011, which led to conflict in the Northern part of the country. The objective of the study there-fore, is to examine the consequences of the trun-cated zoning arrangement and lessons from the Buhari Political tsunami in 2015 general elections in Nigeria, with interest on how to resolve such con-flicts that emanated. The study made use of qualita-tive research and the review of previous literature as sources of data collection. The findings revealed that, many people were killed during the years 2011-2015 under study; both private and public properties were also destroyed. This study recom-mends constitutional approach regarding the zoning formula to accom-modate all the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria in order to resolve the conflicts therein.

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to understand the importance of value orientation on conspicuous consumption in the youth market segment in Southeast Asia. In particular, the focus is to understand three different types of value orientation (specifically cultural values, material values and religious values) and its effects on conspicuous consumption behaviour.Design/methodology/approachAn integrative theoretical model is proposed based on Hofstede's cultural dimension, the materialism value scale and religious commitments to predict the relationship for the value orientations of Generation Y's (Gen Y's) conspicuous consumption behaviour. The data was collected from undergraduate students enrolled in general education courses in three universities in Malaysia. Using cross-sectional data, 262 sets of valid questionnaires were used to perform the statistical analysis for the measurement and structural model using partial least squares equation modelling (PLS-SEM) path modelling.FindingsWe position our study by raising the pertinent question of "Seriously, Conspicuous Consumption?" to establish a clear understanding of whether Malaysian Gen Y individuals are conspicuous consumers and, if they are, which of the three values matter the most. In order to answer the question of whether Malaysian Gen Y engages in conspicuous consumption, we arrive at an understanding that, given multi-value orientations, conspicuous behaviour can be motivated and impacted by one value orientation and constrained by others. Hence, value orientation offers an insightful explanation of one specific type of consumer behaviour in the context of Asia as an emerging global market. Thus, our study provides two key theoretically significant findings. In general, our findings provide insights into how the multi-value orientations (i.e. cultural, material and religious orientations) contribute to several bodies of literature—namely, conspicuous consumption, international marketing and transcultural marketing. The results revealed that collectivism and materialism were positively and significantly related to conspicuous consumption. Uncertainty avoidance, although significant, had a negative relationship with conspicuous consumption. The other values (masculinity, power distance and religious values) were not significantly related to conspicuous consumption.Research limitations/implicationsPurchasing luxury goods is becoming an emergent phenomenon in Asia, particularly among young consumers. This paper provides marketing managers, particularly brand owners, with practical and realisable examples of how to plan and execute their marketing plans. A more profound understanding of this relationship may also serve to aid marketing managers in devising more focused marketing strategies and thus allocate marketing resources more efficiently. Hence, marketers could develop an effective communication strategy so that the target consumers will be aware of their goods because the purchase of luxury goods is likely to be motivated by social, cultural and personal factors.Originality/valueThis article examines the impact of value orientations on conspicuous consumption behaviour in Malaysian Gen Y consumers. The model proposed in this study is useful in predicting conspicuous consumption among Gen Y. By identifying the factors influencing this emergent type of consumer behaviour, global retailers will be informed about this particular market segmentation in terms of its preferences and desires. The article discusses the research findings and concludes with managerial implications and limitations.

<p>This paper examines the issues that led to political conflicts in Nigeria and Gambia. The paper further explains the role ECOWAS played in the past in sustaining peace and security in the West African regional community. ECOWAS has been able to conduct peacekeeping in countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leon, and Coted'Ivoire. The methodology used is qualitative design. The work also used published works and internet sources for the purpose of data collection. The findings revealed that, the political conflict between the North and South led to increased security threats by the Boko Haram in Nigeria. In Gambia, the actions of President Jammeh who initially accepted election result, knowing that he was defeated and later rejected the outcome of the elections which led to apolitical conflict. Therefore, the paper recommends early warning mechanism to be employed in handling issues that may result into conflict.</p>

The Nigerian State before 1999 was ruled by the military for a very long period of time ranging from 1966-1979, and 1983-1999 they have stayed in power and control of Nigerian leadership. Within the said periods, the country was mostly led by the Northern leadership especially from 1983-1999 where leaders such as Buhari 1983-1985, Babangida 1985-1993, Abacha 1993-1998 and Abubakar 1998-1999 were all from the North. On the 29th of May, 1999 ushered in the return to democratic rule and power was shifted to the Southern part of the country under the leadership of Obasanjo 1999-2007. There was in place the principle of zoning and rotation of power between the North and South so as to promote the principle of peace, fairness, equity and justice as it was enshrined within the constitution of the ruling party, the PDP. May 29th, 2007 brought in another power shift from the South to the North through the leadership of Yar'Adua, who later died in office on the 5th of May, 2010. Thus, the Vice-President took over power and it returned to the South, he contested in 2011 elections, was opposed by some quarters from the North where violence broke out and the Boko Haram became a tool as posits by late Gen. Andrew Azazi. The objective of the paper is to seek redress on how the conflict can be resolved and to bring to the fore the psychological trauma that the victims have undergone. The paper recommends that the root causes of the conflict should be re-addressed and resolved. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p519